>>15So many tacit assumptions.
Dendrites do reduce information moment-to-moment for a particular neuron. They do not reduce it to a single bit. They also do not
just reduce information for the immediate purposes of causing an action potential. Action-potentials are not just 1-bit signals. They're stateful and integrate information differently over time.
Dendrites also serve the important role of signalling any neurons they've received input from, under the right circumstances. Without this, learning wouldn't work at all. Because all your neurons would die, and they have to die when starved of activity so you can stop being a hallucinating newborn and eventually prune your brain down to something that can make sense of the world without crosstalk from every uncorrelated stimulus getting in the way.
The properties that go into a being capable of learning are individually well understood down to the level of ions. Most of what is not understood is how this all works in combination. There are some biological questions, but for a tiny number of neurons of given types, we can predict how they will learn from given stimuli.
There is no algorithm. That's TED-talk level quackery right there. You want to do AI? Stay away from MIT and stay away from computers.