#include <string.h>static const char*string_add(const char* first, const char* second) { const char* result = malloc(strlen(first) + strlen(second) + 1); strcat(result, first); strcat(result, second); return result; }const char*leftpad(const char* str, size_t len, char ch) { int i = -1; if (ch == 0) ch = ' '; int len = strlen(str); while (++i < len) { char buf[2] = { 0 }; buf[0] = ch; str = string_add(buf, str); } return str; }